... and Project Management

Often projects are seen as self-contained structures. Very small and limited projects could in theory be satisfactorily explained this way. For large and connected organizations that are called "enterprises," though, this could hardly be further from reality. There, it is imperative to look at the bigger picture. Projects are part of a specific environment that influences abilities, events, and actions of people. 

... and Complexity

All enterprises are complex since they consist of many interconnected parts. Through the infrastructure they are using. Recently, their level of interconnectedness has risen substantially. Communication and collaboration technologies, and the continuous breaking out of the supply chain all contribute to that.   

In a way enterprise projects are "self-similar" in relation to the overall business organization(s) that they are part of.